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18. Arefi AH, Hosseinabadi A. Evaluation of the Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on Tooth Color Changes in Patients Referring to the Specialty Clinic of Zahedan Faculty of Dentistry. Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research. 2024:106-12. [DOI:10.18502/jcr.v11i2.17028]

19. Faltermeier A, Rosentritt M, Reicheneder C, Behr M. Discolouration of orthodontic adhesives caused by food dyes and ultraviolet light. Eur. J. Orthod. 2008;30(1):89-93. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjm058] [PMID]

20. Yustisia P, Dharma Utama M, Bachtiar B, Rachmi R, Achmad H, Ilmianti I, et al. The Influence of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Tooth Discoloration among Dental Students in Makassar, Indonesia. Annals of RSCB. 2021.

21. Inchingolo F, Inchingolo AM, Riccaldo L, Morolla R, Sardano R, Di Venere D, et al. Structural and color alterations of teeth following orthodontic debonding: a systematic review. J. Funct. Biomater. 2024;15(5):123. [DOI:10.3390/jfb15050123] [PMID] []

22. Al-Blaihed D, El Meligy O, Baghlaf K, Aljawi RA, Abudawood S. White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontics: A Literature Review on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Cureus. 2024;16(7). [DOI:10.7759/cureus.65679] [PMID] []

23. Bourouni S, Dritsas K, Kloukos D, Wierichs RJ. Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or fluorosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021;25(8):4711-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00784-021-03931-7] [PMID] []

24. Hristov K, Bogovska-Gigova R. Resin infiltration as a method for treatment of white spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment-a case report. J. Med. Dent. 2025;12(1). [DOI:10.18044/MedInform.2025121.1969]

25. Sardana D, Zhang J, Ekambaram M, Yang Y, McGrath CP, Yiu CK. Effectiveness of professional fluorides against enamel white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 2019;82:1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.12.006] [PMID]

26. Bock NC, Seibold L, Heumann C, Gnandt E, Röder M, Ruf S. Changes in white spot lesions following post-orthodontic weekly application of 1.25 per cent fluoride gel over 6 months-a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Part II: clinical data evaluation. Eur. J. Orthod. 2017;39(2):144-52. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjw061] [PMID]

27. Wierichs RJ, Kogel J, Lausch J, Esteves-Oliveira M, Meyer-Lueckel H. Effects of self-assembling peptide P11-4, fluorides, and caries infiltration on artificial enamel caries lesions in vitro. Caries Res. 2017;51(5):451-9. [DOI:10.1159/000477215] [PMID]

28. Chatzimarkou S, Koletsi D, Kavvadia K. The effect of resin infiltration on proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J. Dent. 2018;77:8-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.004] [PMID]

29. Sudheer KH, Golwara A, Jha S, Chauhan R, Shree R, Jha A, et al. Comparison of Nanocomposite and Conventional Orthodontic Adhesives: A Prospective Study on Bracket Debonding and Enamel Discoloration. Cureus. 2025;17(2). [DOI:10.7759/cureus.79537]

30. Wu HM, Ye C, Chen D. [Comparative study of enamel discoloration related to bonding with different orthodontic adhesives and cleaning-up with different procedures]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2018;27(3):257-260. Chinese.

31. Almosa NA, Sibai BS, Rejjal OA, Alqahtani N. Enamel demineralization around metal and ceramic brackets: an in vitro study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2019:37-43. [DOI:10.2147/CCIDE.S190893] [PMID] []

32. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel-current knowledge and future perspectives-a systematic review. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2014;20:1991. [DOI:10.12659/MSM.890912] [PMID] []

33. Korkmaz YN, Bulut M. Effect of mouthwashes on the discoloration of bracket-bonded tooth surfaces: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Investig. 2020;24:3855-61. [DOI:10.1007/s00784-020-03251-2] [PMID]

34. de Melo Oliveira I, Santana TR, Correia ACC, Fontes LS, Griza S, Faria‐E‐Silva AL. Color heterogeneity and individual color changes in dentin and enamel bleached in the presence of a metallic orthodontic bracket. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2021;33(2):262-8. [DOI:10.1111/jerd.12660] [PMID]

35. Malcangi G, Patano A, Inchingolo AD, Ciocia AM, Piras F, Latini G, et al. Efficacy of carbamide and hydrogen peroxide tooth bleaching techniques in orthodontic and restorative dentistry patients: A scoping review. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(12):7089. [DOI:10.3390/app13127089]

36. Vandevska-Radunovic V, Kristiansen AB, Heyeraas KJ, Kvinnsland S. Changes in blood circulation in teeth and supporting tissues incident to experimental tooth movement. Eur. J. Orthod. 1994;16(5):361-9. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/16.5.361] [PMID]

37. Guevara MJ, McClugage Jr SG. Effects of intrusive forces upon the microvasculature of the dental pulp. Angle Orthod . 1980;50(2):129-34.

38. Sano Y, Ikawa M, Sugawara J, Horiuchi H, Mitani H. The effect of continuous intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Eur. J. Orthod. 2002;24(2):159-66. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/24.2.159] [PMID]

39. Barwick PJ, Ramsay DS. Effect of brief intrusive force on human pulpalblood flow. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;110(3):273-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0889-5406(96)80011-4] [PMID]

40. González OL, Vera J, Orozco MS, Mancera JT, González KV, Malagón GV. Transient apical breakdown and its relationship with orthodontic forces: a case report. J. Endod. 2014;40(8):1265-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.006] [PMID]

41. Alali J, Alanazi H, Alyousef HK, Alali OF, Alzwayyid SA. Teeth discoloration removal and management: A review. Int J Med Dev Ctries. 2020;4(7):1070-4. [DOI:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1536444417]

42. Azrak B, Callaway A, Kurth P, Willershausen B. Influence of bleaching agents on surface roughness of sound or eroded dental enamel specimens. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2010;22(6):391-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2010.00372.x] [PMID]

43. Hameed AM. Treatment of Discoloration Following Orthodontic Treatment. 2023.

44. Reddy R, Manne R, Sekhar GC, Gupta S, Shivaram N, Nandalur KR. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Various Topical Fluorides on Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2019;20(1):89-93. [DOI:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2481] [PMID]

45. Shah M, Paramshivam G, Mehta A, Singh S, Chugh A, Prashar A, et al. Comparative assessment of conventional and light-curable fluoride varnish in the prevention of enamel demineralization during fixed appliance therapy: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Orthod. 2018;40(2):132-9. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjx037] [PMID]

46. Ryf S, Flury S, Palaniappan S, Lussi A, Van Meerbeek B, Zimmerli B. Enamel loss and adhesive remnants following bracket removal and various clean-up procedures in vitro. Eur. J. Orthod. 2012;34(1):25-32. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjq128] [PMID]

47. Karadeniz H, Yazıcıoğlu S. Bleaching versus color change resistant adhesive in the discoloration of bracket-bonded tooth surfaces: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28(5):280. [DOI:10.1007/s00784-024-05668-5] [PMID] []

48. Arefi AH, Hosseinabadi A. Evaluation of the Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on Tooth Color Changes in Patients Referring to the Specialty Clinic of Zahedan Faculty of Dentistry. Journal of Craniomaxillofacial Research. 2024:106-12. [DOI:10.18502/jcr.v11i2.17028]

49. Faltermeier A, Rosentritt M, Reicheneder C, Behr M. Discolouration of orthodontic adhesives caused by food dyes and ultraviolet light. Eur. J. Orthod. 2008;30(1):89-93. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjm058] [PMID]

50. Yustisia P, Dharma Utama M, Bachtiar B, Rachmi R, Achmad H, Ilmianti I, et al. The Influence of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Tooth Discoloration among Dental Students in Makassar, Indonesia. Annals of RSCB. 2021.

51. Inchingolo F, Inchingolo AM, Riccaldo L, Morolla R, Sardano R, Di Venere D, et al. Structural and color alterations of teeth following orthodontic debonding: a systematic review. J. Funct. Biomater. 2024;15(5):123. [DOI:10.3390/jfb15050123] [PMID] []

52. Al-Blaihed D, El Meligy O, Baghlaf K, Aljawi RA, Abudawood S. White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontics: A Literature Review on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Cureus. 2024;16(7). [DOI:10.7759/cureus.65679] [PMID] []

53. Bourouni S, Dritsas K, Kloukos D, Wierichs RJ. Efficacy of resin infiltration to mask post-orthodontic or non-post-orthodontic white spot lesions or fluorosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021;25(8):4711-9. [DOI:10.1007/s00784-021-03931-7] [PMID] []

54. Hristov K, Bogovska-Gigova R. Resin infiltration as a method for treatment of white spot lesions after fixed orthodontic treatment-a case report. J. Med. Dent. 2025;12(1). [DOI:10.18044/MedInform.2025121.1969]

55. Sardana D, Zhang J, Ekambaram M, Yang Y, McGrath CP, Yiu CK. Effectiveness of professional fluorides against enamel white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 2019;82:1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.12.006] [PMID]

56. Bock NC, Seibold L, Heumann C, Gnandt E, Röder M, Ruf S. Changes in white spot lesions following post-orthodontic weekly application of 1.25 per cent fluoride gel over 6 months-a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Part II: clinical data evaluation. Eur. J. Orthod. 2017;39(2):144-52. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjw061] [PMID]

57. Wierichs RJ, Kogel J, Lausch J, Esteves-Oliveira M, Meyer-Lueckel H. Effects of self-assembling peptide P11-4, fluorides, and caries infiltration on artificial enamel caries lesions in vitro. Caries Res. 2017;51(5):451-9. [DOI:10.1159/000477215] [PMID]

58. Chatzimarkou S, Koletsi D, Kavvadia K. The effect of resin infiltration on proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J. Dent. 2018;77:8-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.004] [PMID]

59. Sudheer KH, Golwara A, Jha S, Chauhan R, Shree R, Jha A, et al. Comparison of Nanocomposite and Conventional Orthodontic Adhesives: A Prospective Study on Bracket Debonding and Enamel Discoloration. Cureus. 2025;17(2). [DOI:10.7759/cureus.79537]

60. Wu HM, Ye C, Chen D. [Comparative study of enamel discoloration related to bonding with different orthodontic adhesives and cleaning-up with different procedures]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2018;27(3):257-260. Chinese.

61. Almosa NA, Sibai BS, Rejjal OA, Alqahtani N. Enamel demineralization around metal and ceramic brackets: an in vitro study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2019:37-43. [DOI:10.2147/CCIDE.S190893] [PMID] []

62. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel-current knowledge and future perspectives-a systematic review. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2014;20:1991. [DOI:10.12659/MSM.890912] [PMID] []

63. Korkmaz YN, Bulut M. Effect of mouthwashes on the discoloration of bracket-bonded tooth surfaces: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Investig. 2020;24:3855-61. [DOI:10.1007/s00784-020-03251-2] [PMID]

64. de Melo Oliveira I, Santana TR, Correia ACC, Fontes LS, Griza S, Faria‐E‐Silva AL. Color heterogeneity and individual color changes in dentin and enamel bleached in the presence of a metallic orthodontic bracket. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2021;33(2):262-8. [DOI:10.1111/jerd.12660] [PMID]

65. Malcangi G, Patano A, Inchingolo AD, Ciocia AM, Piras F, Latini G, et al. Efficacy of carbamide and hydrogen peroxide tooth bleaching techniques in orthodontic and restorative dentistry patients: A scoping review. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(12):7089. [DOI:10.3390/app13127089]

66. Vandevska-Radunovic V, Kristiansen AB, Heyeraas KJ, Kvinnsland S. Changes in blood circulation in teeth and supporting tissues incident to experimental tooth movement. Eur. J. Orthod. 1994;16(5):361-9. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/16.5.361] [PMID]

67. Guevara MJ, McClugage Jr SG. Effects of intrusive forces upon the microvasculature of the dental pulp. Angle Orthod . 1980;50(2):129-34.

68. Sano Y, Ikawa M, Sugawara J, Horiuchi H, Mitani H. The effect of continuous intrusive force on human pulpal blood flow. Eur. J. Orthod. 2002;24(2):159-66. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/24.2.159] [PMID]

69. Barwick PJ, Ramsay DS. Effect of brief intrusive force on human pulpalblood flow. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1996;110(3):273-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0889-5406(96)80011-4] [PMID]

70. González OL, Vera J, Orozco MS, Mancera JT, González KV, Malagón GV. Transient apical breakdown and its relationship with orthodontic forces: a case report. J. Endod. 2014;40(8):1265-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.006] [PMID]

71. Alali J, Alanazi H, Alyousef HK, Alali OF, Alzwayyid SA. Teeth discoloration removal and management: A review. Int J Med Dev Ctries. 2020;4(7):1070-4. [DOI:10.24911/IJMDC.51-1536444417]

72. Azrak B, Callaway A, Kurth P, Willershausen B. Influence of bleaching agents on surface roughness of sound or eroded dental enamel specimens. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. 2010;22(6):391-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2010.00372.x] [PMID]

73. Hameed AM. Treatment of Discoloration Following Orthodontic Treatment. 2023.

74. Reddy R, Manne R, Sekhar GC, Gupta S, Shivaram N, Nandalur KR. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Various Topical Fluorides on Enamel Demineralization Adjacent to Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2019;20(1):89-93. [DOI:10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2481] [PMID]

75. Shah M, Paramshivam G, Mehta A, Singh S, Chugh A, Prashar A, et al. Comparative assessment of conventional and light-curable fluoride varnish in the prevention of enamel demineralization during fixed appliance therapy: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Orthod. 2018;40(2):132-9. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjx037] [PMID]

76. Ryf S, Flury S, Palaniappan S, Lussi A, Van Meerbeek B, Zimmerli B. Enamel loss and adhesive remnants following bracket removal and various clean-up procedures in vitro. Eur. J. Orthod. 2012;34(1):25-32. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjq128] [PMID]